“依法”的英譯策略研究
“依法”的英譯策略研究
成都通譯翻譯 陳 濤
摘 要:“依法”是法律文件中的高頻詞,翻譯的妥當與否涉及當事人的權利義務問題。而這方面的研究在國內尚未充分展開,誤譯的情況時有發生,尤以“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”的濫用最為明顯。本文以我國現行法律文本為素材,分析了“依法”的不同功能和效果,剖析先前翻譯實踐的經驗與不足,提出了“依法”的翻譯對策和等效翻譯原則。
關鍵詞:依法;英譯;IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW;功能;效果
Abstract: In light of the frequent occurrence of the phrase “依法(YIFA)” in Chinese legal documents and the great concern of the translation thereof with the parties involved, and in light of the insufficient attention to this subject in Chinese translation community and the consequent confusion in the current translation practice, the author, on the basis of the current Chinese written laws, probes into the functions and effects of such phrase, and, drawing lessons from the past translation practice, esp., the misuse and overuse of “in accordance with the law”, arrives at several conclusions as to the translation of such phrase, esp., the equivalent-effect principle.
Key words: YIFA; E-C translation; in accordance with the law; function; effect
1. 前言
隨著社會的進步和經濟的發展,各種社會矛盾開始顯現,并日益凸顯出來,迫切需要更多、更有針對性的法律法規來解決層出不窮的社會問題,并需要通過契約,將民事活動納入到法律的范疇中來,提高民事活動的有序性、可預測性和效率。國際合作更是打破了法律和契約適用的疆域限制,隨著“依法治國”執政理念被逐步接受和貫徹執行,整個國家的法治意識空前高漲,一場轟轟烈烈的造法運動正進行得如火如荼。在這場運動中,翻譯無疑要起到橋梁和紐帶的作用。
“依法”乃我國法律文件中的高頻詞,從國家法律到企業章程,再到民事契約,概莫能外。僅以《中華人民共和國民法通則》(以下簡稱《民法通則》)和《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》(以下簡稱《勞動合同法》)為例,在這兩部篇幅不大的法律文本中,前者使用“依法”34次[[1]],后者26次[[2]],使用之頻繁,遠遠超過其他詞語。這反映了法律語言的嚴謹性,以及了“法”之于“行”的重要規范作用,也反映了該詞的多義性。僅以“依法納稅”和“依法治國”為例。“依法納稅”的義務主體是“中華人民共和國公民”[[3]],法律規定,該義務主體不但有義務納稅,還有義務按照法律規定的程序履行納稅義務,也就是說,“依法”有兩個功能:1、納稅義務的依據(即“法”);2、納稅義務履行的行為準則(亦即“法”);誠如《中華人民共和國憲法》第五條規定:“中華人民共和國實行依法治國,建設社會主義法治國家。”[[4]]我們只能讀出“治國必以法”的要求來,至于何人有義務去“治國”,憲法并未規定,也就是說,“依法納稅”之“依法”只有一個功能——“行為準則”。
在這一問題的處理上,譯界普遍存在的問題是對“依法”的含義和功能缺乏理解,因而:翻譯策略的選擇不是建立在對原文含義與功能理解的基礎上,而是盲目照搬,訛傳了立法或立約者的意旨,出現了濫用“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”的情況。以流傳最廣的三個《民法通則》英譯本——中華人民共和國國務院法制局英譯本(LAB)、澳洲CCH股份有限公司英譯本(CCH)、美國China Law Reporter雜志英譯本(CLR)——為例[5]:
◇ 原文:第三十七條
法人應當具備的條件:
(一)依法成立;
◆ 譯文:
Article 37 (LAB) A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
Article 37 (CCH) A juristic person should meet the following conditions:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
Article 37 (CLR) A legal person must fulfill the following conditions:
(1) it must be established in accordance with the law;
▲ 分析:
法人成立與否,法律自不會強勉,也就是說,法律并不強加“成立”之義務,僅就成立的過程進行限定(過程控制功能),三個譯本不約而同地使用了“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”。
◇ 原文:第三十八條
依照法律或法人組織章程規定,代表法人行使職權的負責人,是法人的法定代表人。
◆ 譯文:
Article 38 (LAB) In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 38 (CCH) A person who, in accordance with the law or the articles of association, is responsible for representing the legal person in the exercise of its duties and functions is the representative of the legal person.
Article 38 (CLR) The legal representative of the juristic person shall be the responsible person who exercises its powers on behalf of a juristic person in accordance with the law or provisions of the organizational charter of a juristic person.
▲ 分析:
“依照法律”是“依法”的全稱,在本例中,充當“代表法人行使職權的負責人”的行為依據,非在強加“代表法人行使職權”的義務于任何人,也非為“行使職權”確立行為準則。但上述三例仍以“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”作譯。
◇ 原文:第四十條
法人終止,應依法進行清算,停止清算范圍外的活動。
◆ 譯文:
Article 40 (LAB) When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Article 40 (CCH) Upon termination, a legal person shall carry out liquidation and cease activities which are beyond the scope of the liquidation.
Article 40 (CLR) When a juristic person is terminated, it should carry out liquidation in accordance with the law, and acts outside the scope of the liquidation shall cease.
▲ 分析:
此“依法”功能有二:首先,要求相關人員在“法人終止”這一事件發生時,必須實施清算,即義務強加功能;其次,實施“清算”,必須遵守法定程序,即過程控制功能。功能早已發生變化,而LAB譯文仍然采用“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”,實屬不當。
◇ 原文:第四十五條
企業法人由于以下原因之一終止:
(一)依法被撤銷;
◆ 譯文:
Article 45 (LAB) An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
Article 45 (CCH) A corporation shall terminate under any one of the following circumstances:
(i) legal annulment;
Article 45 (CLR) An enterprise-juristic person may be terminated for any of the following reasons:
(1) annulment in accordance with the law;
▲ 分析:
此“依法”重在交代“撤銷”這一法律行為的依據(行為依據功能),至于過程,則并不關心,也并未體現出任何部門或人員的“撤銷”義務。CLR的譯本作法是依然是以不變應萬變。
◇ 原文:第五十條
具備法人條件的事業單位、社會團體,依法不需要辦理法人登記的,從成立之日起,具有法人資格;
◆ 譯文:
Article 50 (LAB) If according to the law an institution or social organization having the qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on the day it is established;
Article 50 (CCH) An institution or association which fulfills the criteria of a legal person and which is not required by law to register as a legal person shall acquire the status of a legal person from the date of its establishment.
Article 50 (CLR) Institutional units and social organizations which meet the conditions necessary to be a juristic person that are not required by law to register as juristic persons have the status of juristic persons from the date they are established;
▲ 分析:
此“依法”何意呢?義務強加。我們發現,在這種情況下,三個譯本的作者似乎發現了它的意義差別,紛紛變譯。
“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”這一短語歷來為國內學者、譯者所推崇,大凡法律翻譯著作[[6]][[7]][[8]],必有所載,儼然成了“依法”的欽定譯法,此誤譯之濫觴。我們來看看國外法律界對該短語的態度:《美國憲法》(The Constitution of the United States)未使用該短語[[9]],長篇累牘的《澳大利亞憲法》(Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act)共使用4次[[10]],而簡短的《中國憲法》英譯本卻使用了28次[[11]]。
那么該短語究竟是什么意思呢?請看下面的定義。
“To be accordance is to be in conformity or compliance. In accordance is sometimes cumbersome, but often useful. E.g., ‘The search was conducted in accordance with FCI regulations and without excessive use of force’. Out of accordance with = not in conformity.”[[12]]
“In accordance with (或<美>to)與……一致;依據;依照:In accordance with your request I am sending you the sample pages of dictionary.依據你的要求,現寄上詞典的樣張。”[[13]]
關于該短語的含義,這兩部詞典的觀點完全一致,但在用法方面,均為談及。我們要追問:在“A shall do something in accordance with the law.”這一個常見的法律語句中,“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”究竟是方式狀語(原文含義為“某事情必須依照法律規定的程序”)呢,還是依據狀語[[14]]呢(原文含義為“法律有規定,必須做某事”)?須知,兩種解釋所產生的法律效力大相徑庭。雖然憑借一般的句法規律,可以基本排除依據狀語,但法律語言必須是嚴謹的,要最大程度消除歧義[[15]],況且我們的譯法選擇有許多,類似上文所列《民法通則》第五十條三種譯文用的方法就值得借鑒,單就本例而言,完全可以作如下處理:
理解(1):
A shall do something in the way required by the law.
理解(2):
A. A shall do something, which is required by the law.
B. To comply with the law, A shall do something.
如此處理,一目了然,豈不快哉!可惜譯界、學界的同仁多未意識到這一點,無視語言本身的邏輯和國外法律起草及翻譯實踐,抱緊了“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”的殘缺不放。這就背離了法律語言的最高原則——ACCURACY(準確)[[16]],會造成中外雙方信息不對稱,增加了糾紛發生的概率,譯者當引以為鑒。
2. “依法”的含義與功能
上文談了“依法”的三大功能:(1)義務強加(如《民法通則》第五十條);(2)過程控制(如《民法通則》第三十七條);(3)行為依據(如《民法通則》第三十八條、第四十五條)。除此之外,“依法”的功能還有哪些呢?
(4) 權利授予。例如:
《勞動合同法》第四十四條[[17]]
有下列情形之一的,勞動合同終止:
(二)勞動者開始依法享受基本養老保險待遇的;
(5) 法規重述。例如:
依法應如何處理?
這五大功能并非總是各守一隅,往往聯合作戰,即一個以上的功能(一般是兩個)集于“依法”一詞,主要有以下幾種:
(1) 義務強加[+]過程控制。例如:
《民法通則》第四十條,見上文。
(2) 權利授予[+]過程控制。例如:
《勞動合同法》第五十六條[[18]]
用人單位違反集體合同,侵犯職工勞動權益的,工會可以依法要求用人單位承擔責任;因履行集體合同發生爭議,經協商解決不成的,工會可以依法申請仲裁、提起訴訟。
除了彼此聯合外,上述功能還可能以否定的形式出現。
(1) 對“義務強加[+]過程控制”的否定。例如:
《勞動合同法》第三十八條[[19]]
用人單位有下列情形之一的,勞動者可以解除勞動合同:
(三)未依法為勞動者繳納社會保險費的;
(2) 對義務強加的否定。例如:
未依法在某日之前完成某項手續
(注:“完成手續”和上例的“繳納社會保險費”不同,無程度可言,結果只有兩種——完成或者沒完成,因而不存在過程控制一說。)
綜上所述,在國內的法律實踐中,“依法”主要有五大功能,可獨立存在,也可經四種不同方式組合(彼此組合,以及與否定詞NOT的組合),因而產生九種不同的效果。
3. 正譯舉隅
接下來,筆者結合實例,針對“依法”的九種不同效果,逐一試譯,僅供參考。(為節省篇幅,原文不贅)
(1) Eligible for legal personality, a non-profit institution or a social organization obtains its legal personality upon its establishment, where no registration is required by the law;
(2) A juristic person shall meet the requirements that it:
(i) be instituted in the way required by the law;
(3) A business corporation terminates, if:
(i) annulled by the law;
(4) The employment contract terminates, if:
(ii) the employee is legally entitled to the endowment insurance;
(5) What the law provides for this?
(6) While terminating, a juristic person shall discontinue all activities except for liquidation, which is required by the law and shall be conducted in the way required by the law.
(7) The labor union may, as empowered by the law, and shall claim, in the way required by the law, against the employer;
(8) (iii) breach the law by failing to pay the tax, or fail to pay the tax in the way required by the law;
(9) breach the law by failing to fulfill the procedures prior to a specific time
4. 結論
(1) 在國內的法律實踐中,“依法”的含義和功能均較復雜,很多情況下都同時承載了一種以上的功能,譯者在翻譯之前,先要找出其真正含義;
(2) 國人慣用“IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”,竟至泛濫,而該英文短語的含義較寬泛,用法未臻統一,極易引起歧義,導致信息失真,將當事各方置于風險之中;
(3) “IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW”可用,但要慎用,譯者在實際翻譯中要弄清它的真實含義,選擇恰當的表達法;
(4) 翻譯“依法”的前提是正確區分其功能和含義,以減少歧義和效果對等為原則,選取最優的翻譯方法,精確翻譯是可能的。
參考文獻:
作者簡介:陳濤,成都通譯翻譯有限公司,翻譯總監。研究方向:規范漢語、法律語言、語法、翻譯實踐與教學。E-mail: mailofchentao@foxmail.com,電話:15928915970。
附:
A. 論文總字數(含標點符號)
4579
B. 論文標題的英文(含副標題、作者英文名)
Research on the C-E Translation of “依法”/Chen Tao
C. 詳細通信地址、郵編、電話號碼或手機號
地址:成都市望江路1號中海廣場705
郵編:610021
手機:15928915970
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